Practical Handbook For The Study Of The Bible And Of Bible Literature: including Biblical Geography, Antiquities, introduction to the Old and the New Testament, and Hermeneutics CONTENTS Editorial Preface v FIRST PART THE HOLY LAND GEOGRAPHY Introduction 3 1. Situation of Palestine 4 2. Extent 6 3. Names 6 4. Climate 8 5. Configuration 9 6. Natural Products 11 7. Plagues of Common Occurrence 14 8. Dwellings, Food, and Clothing 15 9. Inhabitants Before the Israelites 19 10. Palestine as Divided among the Israelites 21 II. Descriptions of Places I. Judea 22 II. Samaria 30 III. Galilee 31 IV. The Country East of the Jordan 32 SECOND PART THE HOLY PEOPLE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY A. Outlines of the History of Israel 1. Traditional and Modern Accounts of the History of Israel 37 2. Results of the Modern Account 41 3. General Refutation 42 4. Refutation from the Old Testament 45 5. Refutation from the Samaritan Pentateuch 52 6. Refutation from Oriental Records 55 B. God, and the Gods, in Israel 1. Monotheism and Polytheism 56 2. Worship of the Stars 58 3. Worship of Images 59 4. Chanaanite Deities 60 5. Assyrian and Babylonian Deities 63 6. Egyptian Deities 65 C. The Religious Institutions of Israel Sources of Information 66 FIRST SECTION HOLY PLACES I. THE TABERNACLE 1. General Description 69 2. The Court of the Tabernacle 72 The Sacred Furniture and Utensils 3. Furniture in the Court of the Tabernacle 74 4. Furniture in the Holy Place 75 5. The Holy of Holies 78 II. THE TEMPLE (a) Solomon's Temple 6. Introductory SO 7. The House of the Temple 81 8. The Courts of the Temple 83 9. Furniture of the Temple 84 (b) The Second Temple 10. Zorobabel's Temple 85 11. Herod's Temple 87 12. The Synagogues 89 SECOND SECTION HOLY PERSONS 13. Introductory 90 14. The Levites 91 15. The Priests 91 16. The High Priest 96 17. Consecration of Priests 99 The Mosaic Origin of the Priesthood 101 Appendix. The Synedrium and the Jewish Sects 103 THIRD SECTION SACRED RITUAL I. SACRIFICES 18. What could be Offered 106 19. Ritual of Sacrifice 107 20. Varieties of Sacrifice 109 (a) Bloody Sacrifices 21. Holocausts, or Burnt Offerings 109 22. Peace Offerings 110 23. Sin Offerings 112 24. Trespass Offerings 113 25. Special Kinds of Bloody Sacrifices 115 (b) Unbloody Sacrifices 26. Meat Offerings 117 27. Drink Offerings 118 28. Jealousy Offerings 119 29. The Temple Taxes 119 II. PURIFICATIONS AND OTHER RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES 30. Legal Defilement 121 31. The Defilement of Death 121 32. Uncleanness Due to Leprosy 122 33. Sexual Uncleanness 12S 34. Marriage Laws 124 35. Circumcision 127 36. Reception of Proselytes 130 37. Laws Concerning Food 131 38. Fasting 133 39. Prayer 134 40. Music and Singing 134 41. Bearings 137 42. Vows and Curses 137 FOURTH SECTION SACRED SEASONS 43. The Calendar 18B 44. Daily Worship in the Temple 141 45. The Sabbath 141 46. The New Moons 144 47. The Sabbatical Year 144 48. The Year of Jubilee 145 49. The Pesch 146 50. Pentecost 148 51. The Day of Atonement 160 52. The Feast of Tabernacles 168 53. Festivals Instituted after the Captivity 164 THIRD PART HOLY SCRIPTURE DECREES OF THE HOLY SEE RELATING TO HOLY SCRIPTURE Encyclical of Pope on the Biblical Question 159 Syllabus of Errors 179 Pius X on the Decisions of the Biblical Commission, etc 184 INTRODUCTION TO THE BIBLE 1. General Principles. Historical Survey 187 2. Arrangement of an Introduction to the Bible 189 FIRST PART ORIGIN OF HOLY SCRIPTURE, OR HOLY SCRIPTURE AS THE WORD OF GOD 3. General Survey 190 INSPIRATION 4. Teaching of the Church on the Subject of Inspiration 180 5. What is Meant by Inspiration 192 THE CANON OF HOLY SCRIPTURE 6. Meaning of the Expression 196 7. Old med New Testaments 196 8. Formation of the Old Testament Canon 196 9. Contents of the Old Testament Canon 196 10. Continuation 200 11. Origin of the Canon of the New Testament 202 12. Contents of the New Testament Canon 206 13. The New Testament Canon of the Earliest Chorohes 206 14. Ecclesiastical Decisions 207 Appendix. Protestant Opinions Regarding the Canon 207 16. Apocryphal Books 206 SECOND PART GENERAL INTRODUCTION. THE BIBLE AS A WHOLE 16. Transition 212 THE ORIGINAL TEXT OF HOLY SCRIPTURE 17. Biblical Languages in General 212 18. Hebrew 213 19. Chaldee 214 20. Greek 215 21. Original Form of the Hebrew and Chaldee Texts 216 22. Later Forms of the Hebrew and Chaldee Texts 217 23. The Masora 220 21. Hebrew Manuscripts and Printed Editions 222 25. Value of the Masoretic Text 225 26. The Original Text of the Greek Books of the Bible 226 27. The Greek Manuscripts 227 28. The Most Important Greek Manuscripts 228 29. Greek Printed Editions 231 TRANSLATIONS OF THE BIBLE 30. General Remarks 235 31. The Septuagint 235 32. Other Greek Translations 238 33. Later History of the Septuagint. Origen 240 34. Chaldee Translations (Targumim) 242 35. Samaritan Translation of the Pentateuch 244 36. Syriac Translations 244 37. Latin Translations. Itala and Vulgate 247 38. Continuation. The Vulgate In the Middle Ages 252 39. Continuation. The Council of Trent 263 THIRD PART SPECIAL INTRODUCTION. THE SACRED BOOKS CONSIDERED SINGLY The Books of the Old Testament 1. Surrey and Classification 257 FIRST SECTION 2. The Pentateuch. History, Criticism, Objections, Defense 258 SECOND SECTION From the Entrance of the Israelites into Chanaan to the Division of the Kingdom 3. Surrey 275 4. Josue 275 5. Judges 277 6. Ruth 279 7. The Books of Samuel, or First and Second Books of Kings 280 8. Old Testament Poetry 282 9. The Psalter 284 10. Proverbs 291 11. Canticle of Canticles 294 12. Ecclesiastes 297 13. The Book of Job 298 THIRD SECTION From the Division of the Kingdoms until the End of the Captivity 14. Historical Survey 302 15. Prophecy in General 304 16. Jonas 307 17. Amos 309 18. Joel 310 19. Abdies 812 20. Onee 313 21. Micheas 314 22. Imias 315 23. Nahum 318 24. Sophoniae 319 25. Habakuk 320 26. Jeremias 322 27. The Book of Lamentations 326 28. Baruch 326 29. Eschiel 828 30. Denial 330 FOURTH SECTION From the Captivity to the Close of the Old Testament Revelation 31. Historical Survey 333 32. Kings. (Third and Fourth Book of Kings) 334 33. Chronicles or Paralipomena 336 34. Edrae and Nehernias 338 35. Esther 340 36. Tobias 342 37. Judith 344 38. The Books of Machabees 346 39. Aggous 348 40. Zecharias 349 41. Malachias 360 42. Sirach or Ecclesiasticus 362 43. Wisdom 355 THE BOOKS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT 1. Classification 358 FIRST SECTION 2. The Gospels in General 358 2-9. St. Matthew 366 10-15. St. Mark 374 16-20. St. Luke 383 21. Synoptic Writers 390 22-26. St. John 391 27-31. The Acts of the Apostles 399 SECOND SECTION 32-36. St. Paul the Apostle 404 37. The Epistle to the Romans 412 38-39. The Epistle to the Corinthians 415 40. The Epistle to the Galatians 418 41. The Epistle to the Ephesians 420 42. The Epistle to the Philippians 422 43. The Epistle to the Colossians 423 44-45. The Epistles to the Thessalonians 424 46-47. The Epistles to Timothy 427 48. The Epistle to Titus 429 48. The Epistle to Philemon 431 50. The Epistle to the Hebrews 431 51. The Catholic Epistles 434 52. The Epistle of St. James 434 53. The Two Epistles of St. Peter 436 54. The Three Epistles of St. John 439 55. The Epistle of St. Jude the Apostle 442 THIRD SECTION 66. The Apocalypse 444 FOURTH PART INTERPRETATION OF HOLY SCRIPTURE (HERMENEUTICS) 1. Introduction 449 FIRST SECTION THE MEANING OF HOLY SCRIPTURE 2. The Meaning in General of Holy Scripture 460 3. The Application of the Literal and Mystical Meaning 453 4. Of Accommodation 457 SECOND SECTION OF DISCOVERING THE MEANING OF HOLY SCRIPTURE (HEURISTICS) 5. Principles laid down by the Church 458 6. Hermeneutical Rules Based on the Peculiar Character of the Bible 462 THIRD SECTION EXPLANATIONS OF THE TEXT 7. Paraphrases 466 8. Scholia 467 9. Glosses 468 10. Commentaries 470 11. Study and Reading of the Bible 472 Exegetical Bibliography 473 Works to which Reference has been Made 475 Conclusion 479 INDEX OF SUBJECTS 483 MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS The Temple at the Time of Christ Frontispiece Chanaan as Divided among the Twelve Tribes 20 Ancient Jerusalem 22 Environs of Jerusalem 26 Journeyings of the Children of Israel 38 The Tabernacle 69 Palestine In the Time of Christ 370 The Journeys of St. Paul 406

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